Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Whether the Construction Industry Is the ‘Pillar’ Industry in Hong Kong?

BRE216ECONOMICS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE Kwan Tsz Him (11168188D) Kwan Cheuk Pui (11055717D) Cheng Ming Xian (11704592D) Introduction Although Hong Kong has less land, there are always construction projects happening everywhere in Hong Kong, for example, West Kowloon Cultural District development, Kwun Tong redevelopment project, etc. However, workers and capital involved in the construction industry have been decreasing.In this report, we will discuss whether the construction industry is the ‘pillar’ industry in Hong Kong and we disagree with it. Focused industries As proposed by the Government decades ago, there are four ‘pillar’ industries in Hong Kong, namely, financial services, trading and logistics, tourism and producer and professional services. They account for about 60% of GDP and nearly half of the total workforce, in which construction industry is counted in the producer and professional services.In the 21st century, the Government wants to look forward and follow the trend of technological and advanced world, they proposed another six new ‘pillar’ industries, concerning testing and certification, medical services, innovation technology, culture and creative industries, environmental industry and education services, in which construction industry is not counted in any ‘pillar’ industry and no longer treated as important by the Government. Features of local construction industry There are several features for local construction industry in Hong Kong, with dangerous working environment being the major one.Without doubt, accidents happen all the time in Hong Kong when you simply flip through the newspaper. Some of the accidents are inevitable while some happened due to carelessness. For example, the workers may not be aware of the safety regulations, accidents always happen while the workers do not obey the safety regulations as well as not to follow the working regulations. Besides, competiti on between overseas contractors is keen. Nowadays, a lot of construction projects in Hong Kong are outsourced to overseas contractors. It is because the technology is more advanced in overseas countries such as in Germany, the United States, France, etc.With reasonable price and advanced technology, the other countries sometimes are more competitive. Moreover, labor intensive is also the label of construction industry in Hong Kong. Limited land with high population is a characteristic for Hong Kong. Labor can be easily found, however, is only applicable in the past. This will be examined in the report later. Concerning the environment, pollution is in line with the construction industry to a large extent. Since construction work will inevitably pose noise, air and sometimes water pollution.The pollution extent depends on the scale of the project. Basically, the larger scale of a construction project, the greater the pollution will be resulted. Reasons of excluding construction indus try as pillar an industry in Hong Kong As mentioned before, the feature of labor intensive can only be described in old years due to the transformation of economy. In late 80s, the HKSAR has been transforming the whole economy from labor intensive industry to commercial industry which is defined as tertiary services as finance and accounting, investing, banking and so on.In such knowledge-based society, the unemployment rate for those with low education level could be especially higher. Also, there is no new blood to enter such industry. This can actually be explained by the above phenomenon. Nowadays, most of the workers are 50 years old or above and the industry faces the aging problem. As this cannot be fixed, construction industry will decline gradually. Nowadays, the opportunity of receiving proper education is higher, thus the citizens do not willing to enter to an industry with gloomy future. Diagram showing the percentage of population distribution in different working secto rsAs for the construction industry, we may see that the percentages are actually fluctuating throughout the years and increased from 5. 4% to 6. 8% in 1971 and 2006 respectively. Only a light increase in population is resulted and also, it just accounts for a little percentage. Frankly speaking, a lot of buildings are, nowadays, built for different uses for economic development and social settlement. However, the problem of aging of such industry is becoming more serious and we can barely see how the government has implemented any scheme to cope with such problem.Total building and construction output and annual percentage change (Census and Statistics Department) | Total construction as % of GNP| Current value| 2006| 25. 1| 14. 2| 2007| 23. 7| -0. 1| 2008| 21. 1| -15. 6| 2009| 13. 8| -44. 6| 2010| 9. 2| -35. 0| Direct and indirect employment construction (Census and Statistics Department) As the diagram above suggests that the direct and indirect employment in construction is shrin king from 2004 to 2010. Also, the total output as well as the total construction as percentage of GNP is decreasing from 25. 1% to 9. 2% in 2004 and 2010 respectively.This data has indicated that the economic return and contribution to Hong Kong is contracting to a large extent. Construction distribution to GDP Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Economic Activity – Percentage Contribution to GDP at Basic Prices (Census and Statistics Department) | 2006| 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| Construction| 2. 7| 2. 6| 3. 0| 3. 2| 3. 3| Services| 91. 7| 92. 8| 92. 5| 92. 6| 92. 9| GDP refers to the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. From the table above, we can find that from 2006 to 2010, the construction industry only contributed about 3% to GDP.To compare with other industries, construction industry seems has not reach the standard of becoming a pillar in Hong Kong. The problem of construction industry in Hong Kong Building contractors in Hong Kong are usually small. The competition between domestic and foreign building contractors is keen, because our building technology is labor-intensive and traditional. They compete on price, and cut costs, and sometimes, very unfortunately, corner as well. Consequently, the problems of safety and lack of technology development happened. Besides, the building cost in Hong Kong is among the highest in advanced economies.As a result of low profitability, most industry participants adopt a short-term view on business development. Complex infrastructure projects have been undertaken by international contractors most of the time. According to Labour Department accident statistics for 2005, the accident rates per 1,000 workers in the construction industry is 59. 9, these figures were higher than the overall accident rate of 30. 6 per 1,000 workers in all industries. Due to the risk is higher than other industries, lack of graduates over the next two/three years will associate with con struction.The potential danger has reduced the possibility to attract leaving certificate students into the construction professions, it increases the difficulty to continue and expand the construction industry. Number distribution of workers in construction industry (Labour Department) | End of 2000| Beginning of 2009| Total workers| 83924| 51944| Public| 44355| 20825| Private| 32704| 31119| Building| 61676| 40772| Civil| 22248| 11172| Conclusion To conclude, we do agree that construction is very important in Hong Kong. Real estate is closely linked with the economy and it creates many job opportunities.During the â€Å"financial tsunami†, government even earmarked large amounts of public money on construction projects to stimulate the economy. However, the distribution from construction industry to GDP becomes less and less while compare with the past, it only holds about 3% of GDP every year. Besides, with many problems in this industries, it is not easy for the Government to make it as a ‘pillar’ industry. We suggest that the Government still need to put focus on construction industry but it need not to be the pillar industry in Hong Kong. Reference 1.Census and Statistics Department: Report on the Quarterly Survey of Construction Output, 3rd Quarter 2011 http://www. censtatd. gov. hk/freedownload. jsp? file=publication/stat_report/commerce/B10900022011QQ03B0100. pdf&title=Report+on+the+Quarterly+Survey+of+Construction+Output&issue=Third+Quarter+2011&lang=1 2. Census and Statistics Department: Real Estate Project Statistics http://www. censtatd. gov. hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index. jsp? tableID=119 3. Census and Statistics Department: Statistics in the industry section of construction http://www. enstatd. gov. hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index. jsp? tableID=116 4. HK Job News http://www. hkjobnews. com/2010/03/7. html 5. Construction Workers Registration Authority. Annual report http://www. cwra. org. hk /information/AnnualReport/report11/index. htm 6. Shair W, Bright horizon for Hong Kong's construction sector: Recruiting newcomers. http://www. careertimes. com. hk/english/article/show_article. asp? category_id=1037;article_id=14111;title=bright-horizon-for-hong-kong-s-construction-sector;listby=date;listby_id

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Existentialism and The Plague Essay

Jean-Paul Sartre once said, â€Å"Man is condemned to be free; because once he is thrown into the world, he is responsible for everything he does. † Sartre speaks in accordance with the values of Existentialism, which is defined as a philosophical theory that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will. Existentialists like Sartre rejected the existence of a higher power and the over arching influence of an unnatural conformist society, citing instead the importance of individuality and acts of one’s own free will. According to the doctrine of Existentialism, life is not satisfying yet has meaning. The singular purpose of life is to drive forward into the infinite macrocosm of the universe, searching for one’s own particular meaning of life. Additionally, Existentialists propose that there is no god; there is no big man in the sky creating destinies for the humble earthly beings below. Thus, random instances of elation, violence, and tragedy do not hold a greater significance with a supposed higher power or with the universe itself. Life is an experience specific to man alone. Albert Camus, in relation to this philosophy, delivered to the literary world his existentialist work, The Plague, a novel based on the central theme of the inanity of human suffering and the deep individuality of the human experience. In the pages of this novel and through his characters and themes, Camus paints a picture of a mundane community thrust into an almost illogical, if tragic, state of disease and disaster. His unremarkable town of Oran, that in no way deserved such a virulent visitation of plague, sets a perfect stage for the exemplification of existential teachings. â€Å"The unusual events described in this chronicle occurred in 194- at Oran. Everyone agreed that considering their somewhat extraordinary character, they were out of place there. For its ordinariness is what strikes one first about the town of Oran†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Camus, 3). So begins Albert Camus’ gripping achievement, The Plague. From its very origin, the novel admits itself to be set in a small, dull town, unremarkable in every way. And yet, in the randomness of life, the placid town of Oran is inexplicably bombarded with an attack of plague so malignant it is compared to the plague outbreaks of centuries before, which wiped out entire European villages. The typically overlooked literary element of setting, in this instance that of an ordinary North African coastal village, lies a sense of some of Albert Camus’ greatest genius. In a way that seems almost too subtle, Camus relates one of the basic tenets of Existentialism, that which emphasizes the absence of a higher powers’ influence on human life, to the unfathomable curse on an undeserving town. â€Å"Treeless, glamorous, soulless, the town of Oran ends by seeming restful and, after a while, you go complacently to sleep there. † (Camus, 6). Thus, the town of Oran is classified as a sleepy, typical village, one unaccustomed to the despair and pestilence that is rained upon it during the months of the forthcoming plague. One would assume that in a world ordered by a God, a town that had committed no crime wouldn’t have received such an exemplary form of capital punishment. In such a world, one could argue that the town of Oran should have escaped into happy obscurity. One could also argue the fairness of the fabled destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, towns famously steeped in sin. â€Å"Not so! † would cry the existentialists, as one of the basics ideals of existentialism is the randomness of life. Good and evil in the context of life are simply subjective statements; there is no ultimate reward for those who live as saints, just as there is no ultimate retribution for those who live in sin. In this way, the terror visited on Oran perfectly perpetuates this existential idea. A town so typical and seemingly so ineligible of a tragedy such as the plague is, instead of protected from it, decimated by it. Perhaps Camus’ random devastation of his little town is a result of his involvement in the European anti-Nazi resistance. During this time of unexplained evils: the systematic decimation of the Jews and other undesirables and the horrors inflicted upon occupied France, among other instances of randomized human terrorism, Camus is said to have developed his existentialist perspective. In a world overseen by a benevolent, just maker, where is there room for the murders of innocent millions, or for that matter, the infestation of plague in a sleepy little town? One of the reoccurring themes of Existentialism is the importance of the individual finding meaning in a life that’s ultimate result is death. Another facet of Camus’ The Plague that supports this particular aspect of Existentialism is his host of cast and characters. The townsfolk at large can initially be described as hardworking but self absorbed, if not entirely self centered. Theirs is a community of particular habits and personal needs. Seemingly, the only unifying factor of these citizens seems to be in commerce, or as Camus puts it, â€Å"Our citizens work hard, but solely with the object of getting rich. †(Camus, 4). The masses of Oran find meaning in their businesses, card playing, and cafe going. Though the act of death is described as â€Å"difficult and discomforting† (Camus, 5), the people of Oran seem to accept it in its natural courses. The citizens are entirely resigned to their tedious way of life; in fact hardly a soul stirs at the curious sight of rats dying in masses in the streets. Incredibly, beyond the initial panic of the plague, the citizens seem to resign themselves to that as well. â€Å"There was the same resignation, the same long-sufferance, inexhaustible and without illusions. † (Camus, 184). A great many of the prisoners of Oran had embraced Nihilism, a philosophy in which nothing has any value or any meaning, and pursuit of finding either is futile. Interestingly, the attitude of those in Oran and Nihilism itself run conversely to Camus’ actual beliefs. Influenced by the early death of his father and his childhood poverty, as well as a terrible bout of Tuberculosis, Camus’ actual theories involved a complicated correlation between the lack of hope and despair in a life that exists without any intrinsic meaning. Camus’ philosophy can best be described as a daring experiment in optimism without hope; a life that resists the illusion of a predetermined good outcome without succumbing to despair. In accordance to his personal beliefs, an existential hero designed by Camus resists the despair of a life hurtling toward death and instead rises above death to do good works in the manner of a painfully cautious optimist. One such hero is Dr. Bernard Rieux, narrator and chronicler of the plague. Rieux shows his existential spots early on in his narrative, frequently questioning the conformist ways of Oran society and continually distancing himself from the hypocrisy of their half-formed lives. His choice of profession is a prime example of choosing to rise above death to do good, instead of worshipping â€Å"the god of business† like his peers, he is instead a physician. By their very nature physicians fight an existential battle of healing the sick against an all too present possibility of death. Though separated from his wife, Rieux fights on through the plague, administering serums, seeing to the afflicted, and organizing sanitary squads with the help of other active citizens. Rieux is ever mindful of his responsibilities to others, remarking that â€Å"the essential thing was to save the greatest possible number of persons from dying and being doomed to unending separation. And to do this there was only one resource: to fight the plague. There was nothing admirable about this attitude; it was merely logical. † (Camus, 133). In this passage, Rieux clearly exhibits Camus’ own deeply felt obligations towards society, choosing to fight an inevitable evil rather than resign himself to it. Over the course of his life, Camus’ spoke out against many social injustices, including: the genocides of the Second World War, trade union discrepancies, the death penalty, and injustices within the communist party, which he had formerly been associated with and which cost him many friendships, among them Jean-Paul Sartre. In a case of art imitating life, Rieux’s consistency with himself and with his beliefs caused him much personal hardship and endangered his life. However, his commitment to others made him less despondent and more aware of himself than the rest of the town, giving him a strength that not many shared and allowed him to find his â€Å"true-self†, which is the ultimate goal of Existentialism. In his admirable struggle, Rieux clearly demonstrates the most idealistic goals of Existentialism and in turn represents Camus’ interpretation of the philosophy. Speaking on the attitude of futility that is sometimes associated with Existentialism, Albert Camus said, â€Å"In the depth of winter, I finally learned that there was in me an invincible summer. † In the very heart of his philosophy, Albert Camus accepted that life is merely a vehicle for death, that there is no higher power pulling the strings, and that the meaning of life is attributed to the individual. However, at his core, Camus believed that life was an opportunity to rise above death to accomplish more and do better. The greatest sin was a resignation to death and despair, an indifference to the opportunities afforded to you by free will. In the randomness of life, â€Å"things happen†. Small coastal towns suffer a swift, arbitrary attack of bubonic plague, and Algerian authors die in car crashes when they should have been taking the train. The ultimate question of Existentialism is, â€Å"does life have any meaning? † Ultimately, the key question of Existentialism is answered by that philosophy’s’ very tenets. Life is afforded meaning by the individual, a meaningful life is lived through one’s specific actions to the â€Å"things that happen† in the randomness of one’s existence.

Crim 101 Notes Essay

What is criminology? A social science studying crime and related phenomenon such as law making, criminal behavior, victimization and punishment Discipline of criminology is a recent development Most ideas and concepts we now have about crime and criminals emerged over last 2 or 3 centuries Modern criminology is multi-disciplinary (inter-disciplinary) Influenced by sociology, psychology, and biology The fascination with crime Crime is popular topic for newspapers, TV shows , books and movies There is little relationship between crime news and actual amount of crimes Media focus primarily on violent crimes, even though such crimes forms only smart part of all criminal activity Appears as though police solve more crimes and arrest more cirminals than they do in reality The appeal of crime stories and crime news Crime related stories are often dramatic and lurid Deal with moral questions of good vs evil Criminals appear in stories as insane or dangerous psychopaths Stories happen in short time span- between newscasts or newspaper editions Easy for the public to understand Felson’s 10 fallacies about crime Book 1. the dramatic Fallacy o keep ratings high, media seek strange/violent incidents to report/create dramas around murder makes up less than 1% of all crime, yet from watching TV or reading the papers, it seems like a commonplace events seems that most murders are well-planned, grisly affairs, or they happen solely by random chance in fact, most murders start as arguments that escalate into violence most crimes are relatively minor property crimes Actus Reus: a real event, in which somebody has committed or failed to commit an act b. Men Rea: criminal intent; you must have the intent to commit the act c. No legal defense or justification d. Must be contrary to a provision of criminal law Crime as normative violation pictures Mala in Se Mala in se: â€Å"something bad or evil in itself† Laws that criminalize acts most societies and cultures agree are inherently wrong, e. g. , murder and incest Mala Prohibita Mala prohibita: something that is deemed to be wrong or criminal only because it is prohibited Acts where there might be considerable disagreement from society to society re: their legality Concensus vs. conflicy * consensus| * conflict| * Society as a functional organism| * Society and social transformation rooted in social conflict| * Norms/expectations based on shared values/interests| * Society not organic or natural. But forced upon us| * Those who are different (e. g. ,criminals) are deemed to be abnormal| * Society/laws based on values and interests of those with the power|

Monday, July 29, 2019

Marks & Spencer Marketing in the United Kingdom Research Paper

Marks & Spencer Marketing in the United Kingdom - Research Paper Example As a result of this, the customers are naturally becoming more and more demanding in nature with respect to their specific needs for new and innovative products and services. This is in return creating a major pressure in the local markets around the world, and is eventually resulting in the way getting paved for the development of markets that are present in the new and emerging economies. The emergence of new markets in the developing economies is playing a major role in increasing the level of competition in the marketplaces all over the world. In an attempt to attain a significant level of competitive advantage in the global as well as the local marketplace, companies are seriously focusing on the process of generation of value for the consumers while keeping a stringent eye on the quality of the product or service that is being provided and delivered to the customers. This brings into focus the importance of conducting an in-depth analysis of the marketing exercises that are bei ng conducted by some of the highly popular global organizations for the purpose of communicating the value of their products or services to the customers. Hence, in an attempt to understand the process of marketing in a more detailed and enhanced manner, this project has been undertaken. The project is multi-faceted in nature. The first part of the project will focus on the process of researching and understanding of the theories related to marketing orientation and on the various factors related to marketing mix. The next part of the project will draw its focus to selecting a specific organization which has a highly diversified its product portfolio and has its presence in multiple countries and markets around the world. The third part of the project will concentrate on studying the product marketing strategies and campaigns that are applied by the selected organization and simultaneously relating the theoretical concepts for a proper analysis of the successfully executed strategie s of the organization. Theoretical Representation Marketing Marketing is a broad term that is used in the context of creating, distributing, communicating and generating value for the customers of a particular segment, in a specific locality, region or marketplace. In broader terms, it is highlighted as a part of the overall process of organizational management that involves identifying, understanding, estimating and finally fulfilling the customers’ needs and wants while effectively utilizing the available resources like manpower, finance etc. That belongs to the firm or the organization. It can be said that, by fulfilling the needs of the customers of a specific market, the companies focus on generating financial returns for the firm, which, in turn, helps to attain sustainable growth in the long term (Wright, 1999, p.13-14). Marketing Orientation It can be said that the marketing approach is a style or approach that is practiced a great deal in the process of value communi cation exercises conducted by the firms today. It is important to state that the marketing

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Polish-American culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Polish-American culture - Essay Example The Polish population is a one of the major aspects of American multi-culturalism and a society mingled with various ethnicities and cultures. Although this ethnic group is living in America with such a huge population, there happens to be a lot of diversity among the group members i.e., the Poles. Their culture has an essence of variation in it and therefore, this fact contributes to the significance of studying this ethnic group in anthropology. At the outset, the Polish were less into literacy and education. Most of the families considered schools as a place that they feared would deviate their children from their original identities. They regarded education as a threat to their social and religious lives. 3 When these people came to America, they were highly unskilled without any education. It was very rare for any Polish American to attend any school or college and receive a higher education. However these attitudes were gradually transformed into modern views after they felt lagged behind than the other communities in America. Therefore, they started taking interest in education and most of the Polish families worked hard to send their younger generation to schools and colleges. By the year 1950, the number of Polish students attending schools, colleges and receiving degrees started to multiply.4 Now, Poles are mostly educated and widely learned people in America. Profession and Employment The major reason for the Polish immigration to America was better working conditions. Hence, work and employment were the basic concerns around which most of the Polish families spent their lives. Polish were very passionate about working, as they were deprived of occupations in original country, Poland. Consequently, they even took up low-grade occupations and lived miserable lives. Their younger generation followed the trend of their forefathers in making the employment choices. 5 The only ambition for Polish was to be hard working enough to acquire and accumulate more wealth. 6 However, as more and more Polish families began to educate their children, they took up new and respectable jobs and reformed their social and economic status. The Polish were even passionate about saving. They accumulated more money and sent back to their families in Poland. Linguistics The natural language of Polish-American group is Polish, which they brought with them from the Poland. When they first entered the land of America, they cherished their language and restricted their children from learning English language as it was regarded as infidelity to their natural language amongst them. However, the Polish were soon to realise the importance of learning the English language for the improvement in their working and living conditions. Consequently, the younger generation was permitted to learn English and go to school, which further enhanced their language skills. When the next Polish generation grew up and got educated, they were reluctant to speak Polish as they had

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Dalai Lama Teachings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dalai Lama Teachings - Essay Example Dalai Lama indicates that religious followers do not practice Buddha teachings, prayers, and guidance. This is because the teachings of Lamas, Tulkus and teachers are outdated. He indicates that strict Buddhist recite Buddha’s teachings every morning and lives according to those teachings. Buddhist believes that negative experiences follow people who do wrong. Dalai Lama comments that Buddha does not save people but teaches them how to be free from all sufferings. People should contribute to their inner peace by doing right actions. Monastic quality and behavior acts as the foundation for Buddharama, which includes vows and discipline. Discipline was evident from Buddha who cut his hair and meditated for six years. Buddha’s trainings were Sila, Samadhi, and pannya. Nirodha is evident to eliminate people’s ignorance, obtain wisdom, and avoid sufferings. Through this, they will be free from all evils. The teachings are translated into three hundred Indian languages. To become good Buddha monks, people must be genuine, change their hearts and minds, work hard, and exchange goods so that they can learn from each other. Ordained nuns should follow vinaya texts. Monastic studies train nuns to be doctors and good scholars. Dalai Lama expresses his sadness to the Tibetans since they have been involved in demonstrations and protests. This emanated from people’s anger due to denial of worship and freedom of speech rights. Peaceful demonstrations are causing many deaths and sufferings among the Tibetans. Dalai Lama asserts that the tragic accidents cause people to be emotional. The demonstrations, however, indicate that Tibet people share same peace and harmony. This is shown by risking their property to be heard by the rulers. Tenzin indicates that rulers of the other parts of the world have sent peaceful support messages to Tibet people aiming at reaching a solution.

Friday, July 26, 2019

National Assemblies of Kuwait Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

National Assemblies of Kuwait - Essay Example The opposition lobbied for a parliament, by petitioning the government in 1950s, via the leadership of Ahmad al-Khatib and his movement, National Culture Club. 1967 elections were marred by irregularities on the part of the government, which necessitated the need for fresh elections. As such, new election was held in 1971, yielding an acquiescent assembly with just four members of the opposition, excluding the leader of opposition, Al-Khatib. The assembly proved a major opposing force for the amir administration. The fourth assembly elections occurred in 1975 giving birth to an assembly that passionately opposed the government than its predecessor. Unhappy with the opposition of the assembly, amir dissolved it in 1976 issuing new ultimatums for press and public conventions. The fifth assembly existed between 1981 and 1985. It also produced an active opposition like the previous assemblies. However, divisions over constitutional changes among other issues led to the demise of the assembly fueled by intense religious opposition determination. The sixth assembly election was held in 1985, in which the government reviewed its Islamists support by encouraging Beduin contenders to bar Islamists. Unlike before, the government gave the nationalists room to participate, which saw the revival of Al-Khatib. Al-Khatib and three other nationalists emerged victorious in the elections. Following its vehement opposition to the government and determination to remove corrupt ministers from office, the sixth a ssembly also faced the possibility dissolution. Seeing that the assembly had dug too much into the ruling family, amir suspended the assembly. The assembly was eventually dissolved following violence experienced in 1985. However, the assembly remained influential opposition symbol even after its closure and limited scope. Of all the assemblies, the 1981-1985 assembly seemed more interesting. Apart from being vociferous like its predecessors, the assembly was far

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Three Possible Reasons Why the Funding Was Overlooked Essay

Three Possible Reasons Why the Funding Was Overlooked - Essay Example This essay talks about the Children’s Summer Expense Project and its failure. This paper analyzes why the project failed and presents the three possible reasons why the funding was overlooked and in what three ways that the Children’s Summer Expense Project could be saved. The possible reasons that could have led to overlooking funds are a failure to be ready for an emergency, having life insurance for many individual’s emergencies, and keeping unnecessary large amounts of money. It is not advisable to have so many life insurances for emergencies because they will hold back a lot of money which may never be recovered. This strains the budget because a lot of money is given away with no returns. Keeping a lot of spare money is also not advisable because a person will be tempted to spend it even on things or plans that are not in the budget. The three ways that the Children’s Summer Expense Project could be saved is through daily services program, weekly food distribution program, or the monthly outreach program offered by Making A Way Foundation. This is because every day Making A Way offers property of all type to the needy by reprocessing collected, discarded, utilizable stuff to those in need. Every week, Making A Way presents the way to delivering thousands of pounds of different goods to churches. The products are distributed to single parents, shelters, and senior citizens, low-income families, and scores of all the others that may be in desperate need of these essentials.

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Jesus's Self Understanding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jesus's Self Understanding - Essay Example This paper also attempts to answer the question, "Who is Jesus" along with a short background of his childhood, His Obedience to his heavenly Father and his Death. The third part tells about Jesus' Ministry, his disciples and his Teachings. It also tells us of birth of Christianity. This is an exploratory essay, and so the highlight of this paper is in the last part, where his obedience to his Father's will be discussed. Nonetheless, all parts of this paper have equal significance, as it contributes to the whole scheme of thought. The Bible tells us the story of Creation which explains the existence of everything living on Earth. The story of Adam and Eve is not only a story of Creation but an account of the Disobedience of Man,3 also known as the " Fall of Man". Then came the story of Cain and Abel, sons of Adam and Eve; is a narrative of the first crime of murder committed. There is a long list what was said to be the " Wickedness of Man"4. The Bible though, is not only about the evil that man can do, also tells of the gifts the Lord has given to man. Abraham has made a covenant with the Lord; Moses received the Ten Commandments that will ensure the man's salvation. As long list of kings has fought in the name of the Lord waiting for the promise of the Redeemer5 that was given to Adam and Eve after the Fall. RELIGIOUS PRACTICES The most common religious practices before Jesus' time were Paganism and Idolatry. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller, rustic") is the blanket term given to describe religions and spiritual practices of pre-Christian Europe, and by extension a term for polytheistictraditions or folk religionworldwide seen from a Western or Christian viewpoint. The term has various different meanings, though, from a Western perspective, it has modern connotations of a faith that has polytheistic, spiritualist, animistic or shamanic practices, such as a folk religion, historical polytheistic or neopagan religion6. Idolatry, defined as worship of any cult image, idea, or object, as opposed to the worship of a monotheistic God. It is considered a major sin in the Abrahamic religions whereas in religions where such activity is not considered as sin, the term "idolatry" itself is absent. Which images, ideas, and objects, constitute idolatry, and which constitute reasonable worship, is a matter of contention with some religious authorities and groups using the term to describe certain other religions apart from their own (sometimes resulting in iconoclasm)7. THE PREPARATION OF THE COMING OF CHRIST The promise found in the Old testament, " Out of the fullness of his grace, he has blessed us all, giving us one blessing after the another. God gave the Law through Moses, but grace and truth came through Jesus Christ. No one has ever seen God. The only Son, who is the same as God and is at the Father's side, he has made him known.8 " The Bible is tattered with many announcement of the coming of the Messiah. In Isaiah 7:14-15, " therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign: the virgin will be with child and will

History analytical paper (modern asia) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History analytical paper (modern asia) - Essay Example The book ‘Under the Black Umbrella’ explains in a better away about how Koreans had complex and terrible lives under the colonization of Japan. The Japanese colonialism in Korea hovered like a cosmic umbrella the Peninsula; this caused a lot of distrust, uncertainty and fear over every life and every action. This left the Koreans with no option but to only bask in the shadow cast by their colonial rulers. Colonialism is crime against humanity, this is so because the colonized state loses its sovereignty right to another country (Hane, 23). The colonized citizens are exposed to brutal and hopeless life. Koreans were exposed to forced labor in their own country, it is true that civilization could be handled in a peaceful way without use of force or killing the people who opposed it, for everyone has the right of choice. Koreans who were rich before Japan invaded their country were forced to become poor while living in fear (Dudden, 12). Colonization of North Korea made its citizens to lose all they had to a foreign country who were only not satisfied with what they had in their backyard. Exposing people to fear in their own country can be very terrifying and this was the life Koreans were living under the colonization of Japan. ... Torture, forced labor and killing innocent people should never be used as a way of making people feel they are being developed, rather than being destroyed. Japan left orphans and widows in Korea; the destroyed families were only left in total darkness confused about life. It is true Korea as a country gained economically from Japan but the harm done to Koreans cannot be compared to those economic gains (Kang, 18-19). This is because Japan and other colonizers could have economically assisted the countries they colonized in a more diplomatic and peaceful way. The first method Japan used to colonize Korea, subjugation was a harsh way of leadership compared to the other two, cultural accommodation and assimilation (Kang, 20). The Blue Swallow film was aimed in showing how Japan had some positive impact on the Koreans. It is based on Park Kyung-won who was thought to be the first Korean pilot. The truth was revealed that all this story was about Kwon Ki-ok of the republic of the China A ir force, this forged story proved that what Japan did to Korea was only torture and freedom denial in their own country. Japan leaving Korea was not enough for they had affected the Koreans both socially and emotionally living with wounds due to lose of their loved ones (Matray,30). The movie Emperor explains more of how colonial rulers were only interested in subduing nations through torture. The movie has some images of unspeakable cruelty exercised on Koreans. It shows most of the inhuman activities which the Japanese government practiced in Korea. The movie shows men being burned alive and women who had been gang-raped and horribly mutilated. According to my opinion; what is the point of doing such wicked activities in the name of, you want to change their

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Analyzing the audeince Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analyzing the audeince - Essay Example The process also adds undesired industrial activities into communities like clearing land and generating toxic waste that contribute to water and air pollution (Adam, 2005). These pollutions are devaluing land, hence turning community land into sacrificial zones. The state authorities are also involved because they want to maintain the regulatory mandate at state level, rather than surrender it to Federal regulations (Pyle, 2012). The investors and manufacturers are in it for the purpose of fighting against further regulations. Hydraulic fracturing avails to them affordable, domestic and reliable natural gas supplies. If a ban is not imposed, this supply has the potential to save them USD 11 billion annually for the next decade (Pyle, 2012). On top of the natural gas yielded by the process, the manufacturers also get extra products like ethane and butane. The citizens and environmental authorities will expect a research to confirm that hydraulic fracturing threatens the water they drink and air they breathe so that a complete ban may be imposed (Adam, 2005). State authorities will expect a research to confirm they are capable and better placed to regulate the natural gas industry instead of a Federal takeover. Finally the investors and manufacturers will expect the research to come up with no incriminating evidence against their activities, thus nullifying a

Monday, July 22, 2019

Gun Control Essay Example for Free

Gun Control Essay Guns kill many innocent people every year. Some states require permits for guns and some states do not. There are many laws put in to effect to control guns. The main two laws that will be covered in this essay are just and unjust laws when it comes to gun control. (A just law is a man-made code squares with the moral law.) (An unjust law is that is out of harmony with the moral law) meaning that the† unjust law is not a law at all. † People have always been interested in using weapons for various reasons. The Constitution legally established the right for any law abiding citizen to keep and bear arms, yet proponents of gun control wish to steadily erode this law through regulation and legislation. Some people collect gun as collectors while some use them for protection and others use them for hunting. The term gun control is just that, a steady relentless effort to seize control by chipping away at the edges of the law until is gone entirely. While some people oppose the idea, others claim that the government should introduce tighter gun controls. The first argument of the opponents of strict gun control laws is that most people own guns to protect themselves. They claim that guns are necessary for self-defense because the police are unable to stop violent crime. Opponents further maintain that citizens keep guns to feel safe and defend themselves and their families whenever the need arises. Therefore, gun control laws disarm only the innocent people who obey the laws. Gun laws can protect people while the  same law can get someone injured, due to self-defense. No law should ever be broken because they are here to protect the people, so they say. If everyone abided by this gun law there will be no one in jail for shooting someone. There has to be something out there to help everyone understand the significance of the gun law, but there are always the opposers that make everything hard to understand. How can someone protect their family if they  cannot have guns, but the enemy â€Å"law breaker† will get their hands on one and cause harm to someone or even to their self. By not being able to protect their family makes it hard for someone to abide by these gun control laws. Every man should be able to protect their home with a gun as long the guns is kept in a safe place with child proof locks on them. Another argument put forward by people who are against gun-control is that many people keep the guns for sport and recreation. According to the opponents, these gun-owners are responsible citizens who do not intend to harm anyone. They further say that shooting and hunting are sports which many people enjoy, and gun control take firearms from hobbyist and hunters. Hunters are just trying to provide food for their families as a result of the gun law their family might starve. No one ever think about things like that they only think about how someone can be injured or killed when it comes to guns. Shooting sports can be relaxing but the gun law makes them stressful. Guns can really be dangerous when it is put in the hand of the wrong person in wrong in the wrong mind frame; therefor gun laws affect everyone that deals with some sort of guns. Most people think that gun control is absurd due to the fact that everyone doesn’t think the same way. Most sportsmen is against gun control because before the law came about they was able to live free and not worry about the violence these guns was causing. Hunters can’t hang their guns in the back window of their pick-up truck no more due to the  control laws. There should be a background check done for everyone before buying a gun so everyone don’t have to suffer for someone else mistakes. Some hunters think that gun control laws are too stiff. Guns have been around for a long time and really had no restrictions on them now hunters and sportsmen have to pay close attention to these laws so they won’t go to jail. Hunters think the gun law is unjust, while everyone else thinks it is just. (An unjust law is no law at all) makes it hard to distinguish between a just law. Recreational use for gun can be harmful to if someone is using that gun for the first time. Going to the gun range can be a stress reliever for some people and target practice for others. Needless to say but everyone no matter of age or experience should know the gun law if they going to be using a gun. Although some people oppose gun control law, others support  the idea because it may reduce the crime and accidental shootings. The reason of gun control law claims that not owning a gun can decrease the homicide that is happing. They assert that most murder victims are killed by firearms. It is also maintained that in robberies and assaults, victims are more likely to die when the criminal is armed with a gun than when he has another weapon. Most rappers rap about killing so if the kids start listening to this music they will start trying to be like the rappers, because young listeners indulge into rap music. A gun can be purchased in my different places and that’s how kids end up with them. Another reason why people oppose the gun law is because if everyone was able to carry a gun most of these killing by guns would not be happing. People must protect their self at all time because these gun laws can be for or against anyone. Most homicides with guns involved lead to people going to jail because they think they are bigger than the law, people must learn that laws are here to protect citizens. Martin Luther King Jr was killed by a gun and he was a non-violent person. People should be more like Dr. King and use the (non-violent) approach to solve any problem. An unarmed person is prone to a homicide due to the fact they can’t protect them self against an armed individual with a gun. The gun law should help people instead of hurting them. Many crimes can be stopped if the people stop be selfish. Murders happen every day and everywhere but it’s up to the people to stop them or at least decrease the rate of them happening. Guns should only be used by the military at war time but not to kill just to scare. Many people know the law some just think that it is put into effect or pertain to the ones that committing these homicides. The effects of gun control also assert the stricter laws can prevent accidental shooting especially among children. Children have a tendency to play with their parent’s gun because they think it is a toy. Parents should always keep their firearms in a safe with a child proof lock in the trigger well of their gun. If all parents that own guns lock the guns up and keep it away from their kids there would be less school shootings. A lot of youngster can be easily influenced by violent video games and TV shows that promote violence, therefore the gun laws should be tighter. Most youths today rather are out in the streets with the  wrong crowd than at home learning how to prevent homicides or accidental death due to gun control. Kids don’t know right from wrong unless their parents teach them. A lot of kids lost their lives because the parents didn’t know how to secure their guns correctly. The gun law is people should know if they want to own a firearm. In order to reach out and get the attention of the youth there has to be more parents getting involved in their kids’ lives and teach them about these gun laws if they got gun in their homes. To sum up, the opponents of gun control believe that tighter laws restrict only people who use firearms for self-protection or recreation whereas those who are in favor of gun control  claim that guns cause more harms than benefits. However, it is obvious that gun ownership is very risky, so it is necessary for the governments to introduce stricter gun laws and educate people about the firearms. With stronger gun control laws, the crime and murder rates will most likely decrease all over the world. Gun don’t kill people it the people who is not gun law educated that kills people. The gun control law was put into effect to help the citizens not to kill off the population, but many people is still getting hurt or kill by someone pulling the trigger on a gun. Works Cited Cohen, Samuel, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† 50 Essays: A Portable Anthology. 3rd Edition Blackmore, Howard L. â€Å"Guns and Rifles of the World† Firearm Pictorial Works: 1965 Marsh, Pamela C. â€Å"Madison Firearm Dealer Sentenced† Tallahassee, Florida 30 April 2014. (newspaper) â€Å"Guns Guns† April 2013. (magazine)

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Management Leadership Across Cultures Leadership Business Essays

Management Leadership Across Cultures Leadership Business Essays In this Tourism and Hospitality module the topic given to me is Management Leadership Across cultures. In todays increasingly competitive business environment the international nature of hospitality and tourism industry requires those managers who are fully aware of many different problems relating to leadership. They really need the knowledge and skills important to lead and motivate workforce across many different cultural backgrounds, and respond to the needs and expectations of culturally diverse guests. This issue is one of the great important and very relevant to effective management of organization in a critical understanding oh the range of issues associated with management and leadership across culture. This report covers the learning outcomes 1,2 and 3- weighting 100%. Learning outcome and main aim of this study is to evaluate the (1) critically evaluate theories of leadership Motivation. (2) Critically evaluates theories relating to managing cultural diversity. (3) Compare and contrast the styles of leadership and appropriate motivation techniques across different cultures. Using the right methodology and research work this report will cover the issues raised by the research queries. 1 Introduction With the passage of time the globalization and internationalization growing at faster pace, only few successful organizations can now survive without understanding the need to work across cultures. Even if businesses or organizations are not working outside the country or with foreign persons, it would be a challenge to identify better opportunities single cultural workforce. With the help of cross-cultural business surroundings comes a need for people to be aware of how culture influences the organization. It is disappointing, as many quickly discover, the rest of the world does not do things like we do. Cultural diversity really affects the every field of organization, and no one can overlook the cultural differences. The cause of event is the leadership challenge is very hard to achieve. the Leaders of new era should have the ability to managing people of different cultures; the leaders must have the ability to listen every one and should understand the actual meaning of diversified cultural coworkers. This is the main and the core challenge which a leader faces; when people perceive the world, communicate and view their leaders in different ways, the leaders ears may be ringing with misunderstood messages. 1.1 The Leader The superior leader gets things done with very little motion. He imparts instruction not through many words but through a few deeds. He keeps informed about everything but interferes hardly at all. He is a catalyst, and though things would not get done well if he werentt there, when they succeed he takes no credit. And because he takes no credit, credit never leaves him. Lao Tse, Tao Te Ching 1Great Man Theories: Great Man theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent that great leaders are born not made. 2. Trait Theories: Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders. 3. Behavioral Theories: Behavioral theories of leadership are based upon the belief that great leaders are made, not born. Rooted in behaviorism, this leadership theory focuses on the actions of leaders not on mental qualities or internal states. 3. Contingency or Situational Theories: Contingency theories of leadership focus on particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation. 4. Participative Theories: Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account. Theories of Motivation 1.Abraham Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory: One of the most widely mentioned theories of motivation is the hierarchy of needs theory put forth by psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow saw human needs in the form of a hierarchy, ascending from the lowest to the highest, and he concluded that when one set of needs is satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator. As per his theory this needs are : (i) Physiological needs : (ii) Security or Safety needs : (iii) Social needs : (iv) Esteem needs : (v) Need for self-actualization : 2- Theory X and Theory Y of Douglas McGregor : McGregor states that people inside the organization can be managed in two ways. The first is basically negative, which falls under the category X and the other is basically positive, which falls under the category Y. 3-Mayo Theory of Motivation Elton Mayo (1880 1949) believed that workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work. 4-Herzberg Theory of Motivation Frederick Herzberg (1923-) had close links with Maslow and believed in a two-factor theory of motivation. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that would directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators). However there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygienefactors) Critically Analysis of leadership Theories 1-Trait Theory: The Trait Approach came from the Great Man theory as a way of identifying the key characteristics of successful leaders. It was believed that through this approach critical leadership traits could be isolated and that people with such traits could then be recruited, selected, and installed into leadership positions. This approach was common in the military and is still used as a set of criteria to select candidates for commissions. The problem with the trait approach lies in the fact that almost as many traits as studies undertaken were identified. After several years of such research, it became apparent that no consistent traits could be identified. Although some traits were found in a considerable number of studies, the results were generally inconclusive. Some leaders might have possessed certain traits but the absence of them did not necessarily mean that the person was not a leader. 2-The Behavioral Theory The results of the trait studies were in concluded. Traits, amongst other things, were hard to measure. How, for example, do we measure traits such as honesty, integrity, loyalty, or diligence, while in this theory of leadership its very clear that the behavior of the leader is very important, its doesnt matter how intelligent he is or how educated the leader is. its the game of behavior and game of personality. This style of leadership, we can see mostly in south Asian countries or third world countries. And in my view this kind of leadership is based on idealism. 3-The Contingency Theory The behavioral theories can help the managers for developing specific leadership behaviors they give them little guidance as to what constitutes effective leadership in different scenarios. Indeed, I feel that no one leadership style is right for every manager under all circumstances. Instead, contingency-situational theories were developed to indicate that the style to be used is contingent upon such factors as the situation, the people, the task, the organization, and other environmental variables. 4- Participative Theories Participative theory may helps more to the managers rather than other above theories. The positive thing about participative style of leadership is distribute the power among the team members. Thats means the leader transfer and share the power among all the team members. This will help to make better decisions, because every team member will participate in the decision making process. In this case every team member has the importance and that thing motivate and enhance their confidence level. On the other hand if the leader transfer the power to that member who I not capable of doing assigned work than that thing can impact negatively. Critically Analysis of Motivation Theories Abraham Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory Maslows theory is not easy to test because of the nature of the subject involved, the difficulty with defining the plan or intention and only cover partly, for example between love and esteem, or physical and safety needs. Deprivation: The person who is not available in all of the basic needs containing as part of the whole being considered physiological, safety, love, and esteem would likely feel a powerful desire for food above all else. In the Maslow as a witness explain the example of a persisting for a long time or constantly recurring hungry person for whom no other interests exist beyond food: he dreams food, he remembers food, he thinks about food, he emotes only about food, he conscious of only food and he wants only food. Maslow suggested that people who experienced extreme emotional and/or physical the damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society early in life may be permanently destroyed in terms of the social, esteem, and fulfillment of ones talents and potentialities needs. Individuals develop coping mechanisms in the face of ongoing stressors: in the context of chronic deprivation of basic needs, the person may break the connection from the higher needs, since they may seem causes despair out of reach. Adults who were process of moving up the hierarchy of needs as the lower needs become satisfied criticized theories that rest on especially significant details of human behavior under remarkable conditions, Care taken to avoid danger or mistakes against unknown situation from human behavior in emergencies to human behavior in more typical situations. Maslow stated a fact or belief confidently and forcefully that those who attempt to measure the goals of humanki nd based on not involving anyone behavior during extreme physiological deprivation is used to emphasize being blind to many things .it is important to observe human behavior under more normal circumstances in order to develop a generally applicable theory that is not distorted by reaching a high environments. Maslows theory of the hierarchy of human needs make an effort to achieve an account for the experience of the persisting for a long time or constantly recurring hungry and the chronically satisfied within the same model, but the models structure does not allow enough flexibility to account for the extremes of satisfaction and the damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society as well as the normal experiences of the general population. Theory X and Theory Y of Douglas McGregor This lasting legacy of McGregors The Human Side of Enterprise and his Theory X and Y is that it shows how far management thinking has come. Objecting to the dominance of Theory X in the workplace of the time, McGregor noted that if there is a single assumption that pervades conventional organization theory, it is that authority is the central, indispensable means of managerial control. McGregor then put forward an available as another possibility or choice the art of representing three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth, and position in relation to each other. Theory Y was based on the opposite set of assumptions, namely that people need not only to work but want to work. Under Theory Y, the worker finds that mental and physical effort at work are as natural as it is not working or occupied; that belonging to control and threats are not the single means of control in a company; that the average human learn s not only to accept but to attempt to find responsibility; and that most of us have a fully occupying the available area to display a high degree of forming new ideas, and original in sorting out problems. It is true that neither of McGregors two polar opposites are achievable in any organization. Even the most swollen and distended or congested corporate giant has human spirit remain hidden within it, while the most off-beam creative firms require an organization a set of ideas. McGregor recognized this fact and was busy by the terms of a will a hybrid of organizational human try hard to achieve some thing, theory Z, when he died. Mayo Theory of Motivation Mayo theory of motivation has described that treating with people as human is important. The manager Should give them self respect and importance, this is an effective tool for the people who work in an organization. But the negative aspect of this theory is that mayo has forgotten about the basic needs and one of them is money. Only the self respect is not enough other things also matters. In my opinion the mayo theory of motivation is competitively less effective that other theories of motivation. Herzberg Theory of Motivation Herzberg has discussed two factor here in my view Hygiene factors avoid job dissatisfaction, for example the company polices really matters. Are they helpful to the workers, how the administration is working, what leadership style they have? If both company policy and administration is worker friendly than it really helpful to the workers and motivates them, there few other factors which have the importance is supervision, interpersonal relationship, working conditions, salary, status and security. these are the factors if they are shown preferably in the company policies that can really motivate the employees. While in Motivation Factor work condition related to the satisfaction of the need for psychological growth, job enrichment and leads to superior performance effort Motivation-Hygiene Combinations (Motivation = M, Hygiene = H) Managing Cultural Diversity Organizations around the world has been recognizing the cultural diversity within organization is not a contradict aspect, rather can assist an organizational pursue for glory. However it is not an easy task to manage employees with different cultural backgrounds. Nevertheless there are so many policy guidelines that can make a piece of work simplified. On a wide perspective, cultural diversity can be manage through communicating (creating awareness among all employees about diverse values of peers through communication), cultivating (facilitating acknowledgement, support and encouragement of any employee success by all other workers), and capitalizing (linking diversity to every business touch on and strategy such as succession planning, restructuring, employee motivation, performance management and review, and pay back systems) strategies Analysis of Cultural Diversity in UK Top British companies are focusing on the staff with culturally diverse backgrounds as a prospective asset in performance teams. The culturally diverse teams can actually perform better as well as more sense of creativity than teams made up of people with same backgrounds. The many studies showed by psychologists is that the prime creativity of such teams is usually achieved at some expense to performance, while performance from homogeneous teams is usually at the cost of creativity. The survey of 65 companies, from the top 200 British companies, and their attitudes to cultural diversity revealed some regarded as likely to happen results. For example, companies which have a management of diversity policy are not importantly those which have noticeably increased the comparative measurements of their workforce with diverse backgrounds. Their top management is have power and influence over as much by white males (86 per cent) as companies with no diversity policy (87 per cent). But companies with active diversity policies are more likely to have brought in flexible work arrangements help with Chiltern, paternity leave and career breaks. They put a high priority on managing diversity along with other business tasks like Investors in People, business efficiencies and total quality management. And these companies are more engaged in campaigns that advance the induce of minorities. Reasons advanced by companies which do not have a circumstantial policy included: financial (not enough resources); managers not recognizing the importance of diversity as a business issue; some companies seeing no need to focus on being a fair and evenhanded employer, or, in one company, specifically avoiding following especially one that is short-lived . Benefits of Cultural Diversity For producing desired results multi-cultural managed companies have cost effective competitive advantage. It helps in boosting minority friendly reputation among progressive employees. Diverse cultural corporations help to get the best customers which have a variety of people. Diverse group of employees are seems to be more creative and efficient in problem solving as compared to similar group. Ability to manage cultural diversity increases adaptability and flexibility of an organization to environmental changes. Culture and Leadership Since World War II, globalization has been advancing throughout the world. Globalization is the increased interdependence (economic, social, technical, and political) between nations. People are becoming more interconnected. There is more international trade, cultural exchange, and use of worldwide telecommunication systems. In the last 10 years, our schools, organizations, and communities have become far more global than in the past. Increased globalization has created many challenges, including the need to design effective multinational organizations, to identify and select appropriate leaders for these entities, and to manage organizations with culturally diverse employees. Globalization has created a need to understand how cultural differences affect leadership performance. Globalization has also created the need for leaders to become competent in cross-cultural awareness and practice. Differences in Middle Eastern and Western Management Management dimensions Middle Eastern Management Western Management Leadership Highly authoritarian tone, not flexible instructions, too many management directives Less emphasis on leaders personality, considerable weight on leaders style and performance Organizational structure Highly Bureaucratic over centralized, with power and authority at the top, uncertain relationship, unclear and unpredictable organization environment. Less bureaucratic, more delegation of authority, Relatively decentralized structure. Performance evaluation and control Informal control mechanisms, routine checks on performance. lack uncertain performance evaluation system Fairly advanced control systems on cost reduction and organizational effectiveness Personnel Policies Heavy reliance on personal contacts and getting individual form the right social origin to fill major positions Sound personal management policies. Can debates qualification are usually the basis for selection decisions. Styles of leadership and appropriate motivation techniques across different cultures Leadership style influence level of motivation. However, throughout a lifetime, mans motivation is influenced by changing ambitions and/or leadership style he works under or socializes with. Command-and-control leadership drains off ambition while worker responsibility increases ambition. Styles of leadership Vs motivation techniques Leadership Style Motivation Type Motivation is Based on: Personality Type Efficiency Limited supervision Worker with decision making responsibility Self motivated Creativity Leader of ideas or people. Independent Achiever Thrives on change High Team motivated Mixed styles Goal motivated Opportunity Personality type and efficiency depends on leaders skill and/or the work environment hes created. Reward motivated Materialism Recognition motivated Social status High level of supervision Command-and-control Peer motivated To be like others Status quo Dependency Resist change Low Authority motivated Follows policy Threat, fear motivated Reacts to force Self-motivated or visionaries will not admit authority controlled environments. They will find a way to escape if trapped. In a team-motivated environment, dependency types will become inspired and strive to be acceptable with independent thinking coworkers. Associates influence the level of individual motivation. Criteria According to my research and evolution relating to the theories about Leadership, Motivation and cultural diversity is very optimistic. The above said theories are research based and really beneficial for the hotel and tourism industry. Now I will explain what are the things which will help the hotel and tourism industry to grow and flourish. Employees must know the primary aim of the organization. Remove those obstacles which stop employees performing to best effect. Motivate the staff by financial rewards, status, praise and acknowledgment, competition, job security, public recognition, fear, perfectionism, results. Use the participative style of leadership and empowered the employees. Avoid those things which can demotivate the team. Like company has made redundancies, imposed a recruitment freeze or lost a number of key people this will have an effect on motivation. Conduct the survey to check, who is most motivated and why? What lessons can an employee learn from patches of high and low motivation in the company? Its important that company goals and employee goals should be aliened or not. You may find employees are highly motivated but about the wrong priorities. Its important to realize the employees that they feel safe, loyal, valued and taken care of. Ask them what would improve their loyalty and commitment. Involve employees in company development. Its important for the company to match their internal image with its external one. Like Your Company may present itself to the world as the forward thinking technology family hotel chain. Your employees would have been influenced, and their expectations set, to this image when they joined your company. By adding coaching tools and motivation principles to their capabilities we should find the job of leading those around us, and/or helping others to do the same, more of a joyful and rewarding activity. Instead of spending all their time and energy pushing and cajoling (in the belief that your peoples motivation must come from you) you will be able to focus on leading your team, and enabling them to achieve their full potential themselves. About Hyatt Hyatt is a global hospitality company with widely recognized, industry leading brands and a tradition of innovation developed over their more than fifty-year history. Hyatt mission is to provide authentic hospitality by making a difference in the lives of the people they touch every day. Hyatt focus on this mission in pursuit of their goal of becoming the most preferred brand in each segment that they serve for their associates, guests, and owners. Hyatt support their mission and goal by adhering to a set of core values that characterizes their culture. Hyatt manage, franchise, own and develop Hyatt branded hotels, resorts and residential and vacation ownership properties around the world. As of March 31, 2010, the companys worldwide portfolio consisted of 434 properties. Hyatt History Hyatt Hotels Resorts opened its first property, a small motor hotel at the Los Angeles International Airport, in 1957 and its portfolio quickly grew to include several other modest hotels along the West Coast and in Chicago over the next ten years. In 1967, Hyatt opened its first major John Portman designed hotel, Hyatt Regency Atlanta , in Georgia, which featured a space-age design with a dramatic, 21-story atrium lobby. The revolutionary architecture spawned scores of atrium lobbies around the world, effectively changing the course of the lodging industry and reshaping the Hyatt brand as an innovative and significant global hospitality leader . By 1969, 13 Hyatt hotels were in operation throughout the United States. That same year, the company launched Hyatt Regency Hong Kong , establishing Hyatt International Corporation . Over the next ten years, the companys portfolio of hotels began to expand and diversify rapidly, and in 1980 the company introduced the Grand Hyatt and Park Hyatt brands, and also solidified its entry into the luxury resort market with the opening of Hyatt Regency Maui Resort Spa in Hawaii. Hyatt Regency London -The Churchill Hyatt Regency London The Churchill provides a wide range of services guaranteed to satisfy the needs of the most discerning guests. The fully equipped Business Centre provides business Motivational Tools Used by Hyatt Employee motivation is given a very special consideration at Hyatt. The top level management of the hotel believe on the theory of Z(Japanese school of thought)In Hyatt the employees salaries are not as much high so it is because of the motivation which keep the employees enthusiastic and dedicated to their jobs as they are working with their family members. For keep motivating their employees some managers also work with the employees like as they do. We reached in laundry department; the laundry manager was working as like lowest or middle level employees. Related manager Really take much care of every employees family matters and try to help them, because they know that the employee who have problems cant work effectively. In Hyatt they usually give the promotion from within organization relating to the employees previous performance. Promotions are confer on the performance basis. This performance base motivates employees to work hard and achieve the goals, which are very objecti ve and are conscious of achievable by most of the employees. Managers play an important role in motivating employees as they give them the in time feedback about their daily official work. They also help them for solving different problems, which can be job related or professional life problems. Working environment and challenging targets are a major factor in employee motivation at Hyatt. The hotel has reward system which includes monetary awards such as, Employee of the Month award Employee of the Year Award TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT At Hyatt on the job training is given the utmost importance Hyatt have a performance evaluation system. They evaluate employees jobs, personalities and performance. Job are evaluated by their immediate managers and counter signed by the senior management. They also identify lacking after discussion with the relevant employee. On the basis of evaluation they identify the areas where the employees are lacking behind and they suggest recommendation for training. They use a performance appraisal form and use a different dimensions for evaluate performance. As they are the market leader so we need to have skilled and well trained staff. Their every waiter or room server knows the a bit Asian languages because their most of the guest are from foreigners. They believe in cross culture. COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS Benefits: They have a regular analysis system and a performance appraisal method. For this they have committees who meet once in a month to discuss the performance of all the employees. They have performance appraisal method which we conduct 2 times annually for the new employee and annually for the old one and give them increment and benefits.  ¨ Bonuses  ¨ Annual Increments Rules and Regulation Policies Pays: Payday is last day of every month. Overtime is double the hourly rate of pay WORK SCHEDULE 9 work hours in one shift One day off during the week BRTESKS AND MEAL PERIODS 1 meal and 2 tea breaks in one shift 30 min for lunch/dinner. 15 min for each tea/breakfast Meals in staff cafeteria only. LEAVE Casual(Maximum 3) Sick(Medical certificate for 3 or more) Earned(Minimum 7) EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION SURVEY Hyatt Hotel conducts an Employee Satisfaction survey on annual basis. The Survey targets permanent employees of Hyatt with a view to determine their current satisfaction level on various categories. This survey mainly focuses on the following objectives: To measure, learn and improve the organization performance To ensure that the employees are moving in the right direction in order to fit in the future To listen and build upon the feedback from all employees To ensure that we are creating a successful working environment in which innovation can thrive Commitment of the top management to follow up on the employee satisfaction level This year the survey result is more than 80% satisfaction level. Hyatt conducted this survey with the help of a private firm. The top management of Hyatt feels that it is important that they keep the employees motivated and take initiatives to increase their satisfaction level Leadership at Hyatt LEADERSHIP STYLE The Hyatt general manager of the company is at the topmost position in the organizational hierarchy; Even though he is not directly involved in its operations he is responsible for taking major company decisions regarding the policy and Operations. Departmental managers are responsible for leading and controlling their subordinates. These leaders focus on their respective fields. Increasing their employees efficiency Empowerment Resolving Conflict Providing facilities Managers motivate minimum-wage employees Directing them to right way Motivation At Hyatt encouraging the employees to give new ideas so as to increase the customer satisfaction. In Hyatt there is a high degree of delegation and participation so they believe that the leadership style used in all the departments of Hyatt is democratic. Subordinates are given a fair treatment and are dealt in a very good manner so as to give them a feeling that you are not only an employee but also a member of the family. The managers at Hyatt are very supportive as they treat subordinates as equals, and have a highly open communication system. They are participative since they encourage the involvement of the employees in decision-making and make use of group discussions. However, some monetary and non-monetary rewards are used to create a high involvement from the employees especially at the lower level. THESE ARE SOME THINGS WHICH CAN BE DON

Challenges for Patient Care in Acute Wards

Challenges for Patient Care in Acute Wards It may seem a strange principle to enunciate as the very first requirement in a hospital that it should do the sick no harm Nightingale F (1863) With this statement in mind, identify the major problems for hospitalised patients in acute wards, in the twenty first century. For each problem identified discuss the role of nurses in maintaining the safety, health and well-being of patients. Introduction Hospitals of today are indeed a far cry from the hospitals of the era of Florence Nightingale in very many respects, but the guiding principles of aspiring to be a safe and healing haven for the sick clearly have not changed over the years. One of Nightingale’s major crusades was the constant battle against infection which was rife in the wards of her day. To that extent, her mantra continues with the problems that iatrogenic infections cause in today’s hospitals. It is worthy of note in passing, that Nightingale is credited with popularising the statistical analysis of problems. Her famous chart (Playfair 1847) that correlated the decimation of Napoleon’s army by disease as it advanced and then retreated from Moscow, was a milestone in the arguments that she was advancing in the dangers of potential of communicable diseases in crowded environments. The title of this essay refers to Florence Nightingale’s famous remark which implied that in her day there was a real possibility of hospitals â€Å"harming patients†. Her remark, albeit made to address a serious public health problem of the mid nineteenth century, has a resonance which is both deeper and more significant than would first appear on face value. Her comment is actually a paraphrase of a quote from Hippocrates some two millennia earlier in his exhortation to aspiring physicians, â€Å"If you are to become a physician, adopt the first rule that whatever else, you will do no harm†. (Carrick 2000) The significance of this is that even two thousand years after the principle was first enunciated, it was still recognised that healthcare professionals, whilst employing their best endeavours to cure patients, were still able to inflict significant morbidity and even mortality on their patients. The main thrust of this essay is to demonstrate that even with the passage of a further one hundred and fifty years, it is arguable that the same premise holds good today. It is undoubtedly true that the advances in medicine and technology generally have changed the perspectives and horizons far beyond those that Nightingale would have recognised, but this has done little more than to simply change the nature and type of problem that healthcare professionals have to deal with. Iatrogenic morbidity is still a significant fact of life in our modern healthcare practice. (Sugarman Sulmasy 2001) The original work by Semmelweis (at about the same time as Nightingale ) in the 1850s, (Semmelweis 1861) made major inroads into our knowledge of the transmission of pathogens around wards. This work was augmented by Lister and others with their work on asepsis and antisepsis. (Birte Twisselmann 2003). Over the intervening years this has been translated into Nursing practice on the wards by a multitude of protocols at both local and national levels. Simple hand washing between patient contact, is still regarded as one of the most expedient ways of reducing cross contamination between patients, but is sadly still frequently overlooked as both a nuisance and even a hindrance when in a clinical situation. Some of the more recent National guidelines are encapsulated in the Government White Paper â€Å"New Guidelines to cleaner hospitals† published in 2004. This has been augmented by a statement to the House of Commons by John Reid who has announced targets of cutting MRSA infection by 50% of current levels by 2008 (Reid 2004) One cannot work in the current healthcare setting and not be aware of the high profile that MRSA has attracted. Some may say that it’s profile is disproportionately large when compared to many of the other iatrogenic problems that would come under the umbrella of Nightingale’s original statement. The fact of the matter is that it is not only a matter of patient morbidity and mortality, but it is also a matter of economic sense as well. A recent study commissioned by the Department of Health (Public Accounts Committee 2000) concluded that Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI’s) are currently running in excess of 8% of all acute hospital admissions in the UK. The economic cost is further expanded by the fact that a HCAI has the ability to delay discharge dates and thereby increase inpatient costs. The same study also concluded that â€Å"For the NHS in England this represents 3.6 million bed days lost, with a projected cost of  £1 billion a year.† and then went on to observe that â€Å"Implementation of all the measures suggested by the NPSA would release  £147 million and save about 450 lives once target compliance rates have been met.† We have commented on local initiatives and quote as an example the Epic project that has been run at local level throughout the country which seeks to apply evidence-based guidelines locally for the reduction of various healthcare associated infections. (Pratt et al 2001) When considering any significant healthcare issue, one should always reflect upon the evidence base that is available to assess one’s own position on the subject (Gibbs, G 1988). Publications in peer-reviewed journals are perhaps one major plank in this evidence base. One must always be alert to differentiate between the weight to be placed upon the evidence in this type of publication when compared to others such as Government pronouncements, bulletins and circulars, unless they are attributed – and most are not – and can therefore be verified. On the issue of patient cross contamination and handwashing we would commend the excellent tour de force by Boyce Pittet (2002) In current nursing practice we can see the modern consequences of many initiatives aimed at reducing the cross-patient spread of infection. The abundance of near-patient handwashing facilities (Donowitz 1997) and antiseptic soap dispensers (Graham 1990) is a testament to this fact as are the modern trend to single use equipment, dressings and aprons etc. The provision of such facilities are, by themselves, not totally effective as many studies have shown that there is an inherent resistance from some staff to measures as simple as handwashing (Teare 1999) and that additional measures such as poster campaigns and staff lectures produce only transient behaviour changes (Kretzer et al. 1998) Another area where there is the clear potential to do harm to patients is the whole area of patient identification. Patients in hospital have investigations and treatments that are potentially dangerous. One hopes that for each intervention a â€Å"balance sheet† has been drawn up, which weighs the potential hazards against the potential gains for each procedure. This is fine as long as the procedure is performed on the right patient. If the wrong patient is identified for the procedure then it can have disastrous implications. (Williamson et al.1999) To give a specific example. Let us consider the case of blood transfusion. This is a very common procedure in our hospitals with many thousands of units of blood being transfused on a daily basis. Despite stringent protocols and guidelines in one typical year there were 197 serious adverse incidents resulting from incorrect patient identification, this included 42 cases of major morbidity and two deaths. (Mayor 1999) To combat this specific problem (and to illustrate our argument) National guidelines for transfusion protocols have now been advised and should be implemented in all NHS hospitals: The patients identity should be verified by two members of staff together The identification should be carried out at the patients bedside The identity and quality of the blood pack and the prescription should be formally verified The patients identity should be confirmed verbally The patients identity band should be formally verified The patients blood pressure, pulse, and temperature should be taken before and at regular intervals during the transfusion (as detailed in the committees report) (Clarke et al. 2001). Many nurses reading this may think that this is already normal procedure and yet studies have shown that patient identification checks were carried out in only 63% of cases – 46% verbally and only 60% against their wrist bands. Even more worryingly, only 25% of transfusion cases had their vital signs recorded contemporaneously. (Clarke et al. 2001). Although we have used this particular situation to illustrate the possible ramifications of patient mis-identification (or simply poor practice), there are clearly countless other situations where patients are at risk. A typical ward nurse will know the majority of the patients on her ward. The majority of the medical and surgical healthcare professionals will not. (Savulesuc et al. 1998). It follows therefore, that the ward nurse is ideally placed to verify if the patient who is being dispatched to the anaesthetic room is the right one for the operation or appropriate procedure. In this respect the concept of patient advocacy falls heavily on the nurse. This argument can be broadened further. The majority of medical staff (by virtue of pressure of work and time), can only spend a short time discussing each case with each patient. The ward nurse will typically have longer to discuss wider issues with the patient and may therefore be able to elicit or discover relevant facts which have not been discovered of recorded by the medical staff. The nurse is therefore again ideally placed to act as an advocate for the patient to ensure that relevant facts are brought to the attention of those who need to know (Bryant 2005). An example might be that a patient had not discussed particular religious beliefs or points of view with the doctor which the nurse may subsequently become aware of. (Kuhse Singer 2001). Here then, is the thrust of Nightingale’s message. Hospitals are places that are (generally) full of healthcare professionals who are intent on providing a good professional service for their patients. In the pursuit of that aim they have to employ technologies, medicines and techniques that have the ability to cause harm. This harm can occur through chance, calculated risk or just bad luck, but equally it can occur through bad practice lack of communication or sloppy procedure. It is the latter that the nurse is ideally placed to counter. Professionalism demands that the nurse should speak up whenever such eventualities are discovered. In doing so they can often save accidents, unfortunate events or even disasters from occurring. If all members of the healthcare team follow the same mantra then Nightingale’s edict will become less relevant. (Veitch 2002) Having said that, it is not a situation where complacency can be allowed any room at all. The healthcare services are extremely complex organisations requiring the combined efforts of many thousands of individuals. The potential for mistakes is therefore enormous. One must always bear in mind that the nurse is generally familiar with the workings and procedures of the health service whereas the patient generally is not. The patient will typically accept on trust what he is asked to do and submit to, without the background knowledge of whether it is actually appropriate to his particular case. It is this basis that is often the scenario for avoidable incidents where harm is done to patients. The nurse must be constantly vigilant for the potential for mistakes in order to minimise the potential for harm coming to the patients in their charge. References Birte Twisselmann (2003) The Discovery of the Germ BMJ, Jul 2003; 327: 57. Boyce JM Pittet D. (2002) Guidelines for hand hygiene in Healthcare settings HMSO Oct 25 2002 / 51 (RR 16); 1-44 Bryant P 2005 None so naive as the well meaning BMJ, Jan 2005; 330: 263 Carrick P 2000 Medical Ethics in the Ancient World Georgetown University press 2000 ISBN: 0878408495 Clark P. Iain Rennie, and Sam Rawlinson 2001 Quality improvement report: Effect of a formal education programme on safety of transfusions BMJ, Nov 2001; 323: 1118 1120. Donowitz LG. (1997) Handwashing technique in a paediatric intensive care unit. Am J Dis Child 1997; 141:6835. Gibbs, G (1988) Learning by doing: A guide to Teaching and Learning methods EMU Oxford Brookes University, Oxford. 1988 Graham M. (1990) Frequency and duration of handwashing in an intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 1990; 18:7780. Kretzer EK, Larson EL. (1998) Behavioural interventions to improve infection control practices. Am J Infect Control 1998; 26:24553. Kuhse Singer 2001 A companion to bioethics ISBN: 063123019X Pub Date 05 July 2001 Mayor S 1999 Review calls for improved patient identification systems for blood BMJ, Mar 1999; 318: 692. New guidelines to cleaner hospitals: 2004 NHS Directive; HMSO, Tuesday 7 December 2004 Playfair, William 1847 The Statistical Breviary, British Museum London, 1847 Pratt RJ, Pellowe C, Loveday HP, Robinson N, Smith GW and the epic guideline development team; Barrett S, Davey P, Loveday C, McDougall C, Mulhall A, Privett S, Smales C, Taylor L, Weller B and Wilcox M. (2001). The epic Project: Developing National Evidence-based Guidelines for preventing Healthcare Associated Infections, Phase 1: Guidelines for preventing Hospital-Acquired Infections. J Hospital Infection; 47 (suppl): S1-S82. Public Accounts Committee.2000 The management and control of hospital acquired infection in acute NHS Trusts in England (HC 306), HMSO: House of Commons 2000. ISBN 0102695008 Reid. Dr John, 2004 Sec. Of State for Health; Hansard: Dec 10th 2004 Savulescu J. , Rachel Marsden, Tony Hope, Michael Saunders, Ruth Carlyle, Pippa Gough, and George J Annas 1998 Ethical debate: Sex, drugs, and the invasion of privacy †¢ Respect for privacy and the case of Mr K †¢ Commentary: Hospital can never be home †¢ Commentary: Silence may be the best advocacy †¢ Commentary: Nurses should recognise patients rights to autonomy †¢ Commentary: Patients should have privacy as long as they do not harm themselves or others BMJ, Mar 1998; 316: 921 924. Semmelweis IP. (1861) Die aetiologie, der begriff und die prophylaxis des kindbettfiebers. Pest, Wien und Leipzig: CA Hartlebens Verlags-Expedition 1861. Sugarman J Sulmasy 2001 Methods in Medical Ethics Georgetown Univeristy Press 2001 ISBN: 0878408738 Teare L, (1999) Handwashing Liaison Group. Hand washing: a modest measurewith big effects. Br Med J 1999; 318:686. Veitch RM 2002 Cross-cultural perspectives in medical ethics Jones Bartlett 2002 ISBN: 0763713325 Williamson, S Lowe, E M Love, H Cohen, K Soldan, D B L McClelland, P Skacel, and J A J Barbara 1999 Serious hazards of transfusion (SHOT) initiative: analysis of the first two annual reports BMJ, Jul 1999; 319: 16 19. ************************************************************************************************ 31.8.05 PDG. Word Count 2,592

Saturday, July 20, 2019

John Calvins contribution to the church :: essays research papers

John Calvin "We must remember that Satan has his miracles, too."-John Calvin.1 Mr. John Calvin was the leading French Protestant Reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation.2 He was a contributing catholic. We see why and how he was suck a good religious man by his backround, biography, and contributions to Christianity. He created a thing called "Calvinism"3 which helped form Christianity. His life was certainly a remarkable one. John Calvin's life started on July Tenth, 1509 in Noyon, in picardy, France.4 He was born of two middle class parents. His father was a lay administrator in service of the local bishop.5 So, in Calvin's early years he was immediatly exposed to Catholicism. His native town was an old cathedral city whose bishop was its ruler and was at the same time one of the twelve Peers of France.6 Calvin's mother died very soon in Calvin's life, not much is known about her except she had a great reputation for piety.7 Calvin's life started off with a lot of religion surrounding him. In the years that Calvin was alive there were many govermental factors effecting his childhood as well. At the time of his birth until 1525, the throne of Noyon was occupied by Charles de Hangest who belonged to the nobility of the neighbourhood.8 A lot of his family members were involved in Catholicism, such connections were not without effect upon young Calvin. Growing up John Calvin was not an only child. His father married a young bourgeois, Jeanne Lefranc, who bore him four sons, Charles, Jean (John), Antoine and Francois. They also had two daughters, Marie and another whose name is unknown.9 Francois died at an early age, Charles became a priest and died excommunicated in 1537.10 Marie and Antoine followed the reformer to Geneua, where Antoine assisted his brother in his literary work.11 Clavin's father had great amibitions for his sons and especially for Jean, also known as John. John Calvin's father pressured his to study Law but in 1531 his father died giving Calvin the freedom to resume his religious studies.

Friday, July 19, 2019

The Real Monster, Victor Frank Essay -- essays research papers

The Real Monster, victor frankenstein   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mary Shelley's narrative, Frankenstein is the story of Victor Frankenstein and his creation. 'It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld the accomplishment of my toils…by the glimmer of the half-extinguished light I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open; it breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs.(52)'; This was the time and the place in which the creature came to life. Victor Frankenstein thought that his creation was a hideous monster, but his ignorance blinded him from the truth. In veracity, Victor Frankenstein was the real monster this was evident from his selfishness, from his cruelty and rejection of his creation, and because he indirectly caused the deaths of his own family and friends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The selfishness shown by Victor Frankenstein is just one of the traits that shows that he is the monster. His selfish attitude is visible throughout the whole story. In the beginning when he first discovers the cause of generation and life, he does not tell anyone about it. He thinks, 'The astonishment which I had first experienced on this discovery soon gave place to delight and rapture…What had been the study and desire of the wisest men since the creation of the world was now within my grasp. (47)'; This type of selfish thinking entails excessive pride and self-glory with disregard to the good of others. Another example of selfishne...